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Hi there,
First of all: Is there anywhere a list of variables and functions which I can use here?

Although this page is not current, you may find some useful information here http://www.liferay.com/community/wiki/-/wiki/Main/Journal+Template+%28Velocity%29
Instead of JournalVmUtil as mentioned on that page, refer to doTransform() in com.liferay.portlet.journal.util.VelocityTemplateParser.java
as well as insertHelperUtilities() in com.liferay.portal.velocity.VelocityVariables.java

If you use the request object or parameters in a template, make sure that you uncheck the "Cacheable' option.

Read through Ray Augé's old blogs for samples of what can be achieved using Web Content structures and templates, as well as accessing services.
www.liferay.com/web/raymond.auge/blog

Till now I managed to get the UserID with

$request.get("attributes").get("USER_ID")

but how can I get the real user name?

Try:

#set ($userLocalService = $serviceLocator.findService("com.liferay.portal.service.UserLocalService"))
#set ($userId = $getterUtil.getLong($request.get("attributes").get("USER_ID")))
#set ($user = $userLocalService.getUserById($userId))
$user.fullName

Next what I don't really understand is the following:
With

$groupId = $request.get("attributes").get("VIRTUAL_HOST_LAYOUT_SET").get("groupId")

it is possible to get the GroupID although

$myClass = $request.get("attributes").get("VIRTUAL_HOST_LAYOUT_SET").getClass()

returns "java.lang.String"

By trying to get a similar value with e.g.

$userId = $request.get("attributes").get("USER").get("userId")

the value isn't interpreted although

$myClass = $request.get("attributes").get("USER").getClass()

returns again "java.lang.String"

Why is it possible to access the first "String" like a HashMap, but not the second one?

Hmmm, are you completely sure that the code you posted is what you were using? I do not get $request.get("attributes").get("VIRTUAL_HOST_LAYOUT_SET").get("groupId") to return a groupId. AFAIK, all of the request "attributes" available in web content are String representations of the values stored in the request, not objects.

You can obtain the groupID directly as $groupId

Hope this helps.
- Deb